誤情報とは何か？

What is Misinformation? - Misinformation - Get the Facts - Research Guides at University of California Irvine Skip to Main Content MENU Locations Langson Library Science Library Grunigen Medical Library Law Library Connect From Off-Campus Hours Accessibility Accounts Giving Locations Langson Library Science Library Grunigen Medical Library Law Library Gateway Study Center Connect From Off-Campus Hours Accessibility Accounts Giving Search the text across this guide Search x Email this link Recipient's email: Send Misinformation - Get the Facts A Quick Reference Guide on Information Consumption; Tools to Encourage Individual Agency Email this link: Email this link MisInformation Guide What is Misinformation? How do I Evaluate Information? Fact Checking Why Is It So Believable? Cognitive Biases For Instructors Scholarly Resources Keyword Search Ideas Searching for more information? See the Scholarly Resources page , or try a few of the keywords in different combinations, in different resources to pull a variety of information: Mistrust, Critical race theory, Disinformation, Elections, Fraud, Identity, Power, Propaganda, Social Media, Social Networks, Misinformation, Fake News, Impact, Influence, Social Truth, Post-Truth, Behavior, News Literacy, Experts, Emotions, Legitimized, Conspiracy Theories, Intent, Bias Real World Examples Disinformation via the Columbian Chemicals Plant Hoax Publicity Campaign via Exxon Mobil "Advertorials" in NYT Propaganda via Pizzagate in NYT For more related topics, check out Doorway into Deepfakes Deepfakes: hyper realistic, fake audio or video created using machine learning that is nearly impossible to detect Deep Trace : The State Of Deepfakes 2019 This link opens in a new window A study on the state of deepfakes, the landscape, the threats, and impact. Doorway into Hoaxes Hoaxes: to trick into believing or accepting as genuine something false and often preposterous Academic Grievance Studies and the Corruption of Scholarship : Three people wrote 20 papers and submitted them, under false names, as part of year-long hoax campaign targeting fields like gender studies. Definitions To create a shared space, let's use the following definitions throughout the discussion: Disinformation - - false information that is deliberately created or disseminated with the express purpose to cause harm. Producers of disinformation typically have political, financial, psychological, or social motivations. Deep Fakes -- term currently being used to describe fabricated media produced using artificial intelligence. By synthesizing different elements of existing video or audio file, AI enables relatively easy methods for creating "new" content, in which individuals appear to speak words and perform actions, which are not based on reality. Fact-Checking -- the process of determining the truthfulness and accuracy of official, published information such as politicians' statements and news reports. Hoax -- a deliberate deception that plays on people's willingness to believe. Hoaxes depend, at least initially, on some people take them at face value. Often, hoaxes are a means of challenging authority, custom, or the status quo. Malinformation -- genuine information that is shared to cause harm. This includes private or revealing information that is spread to harm a person or reputation. Misinformation -- information that is false, but not intended to cause harm. For example, individuals who don't know a piece of information is false may spread it on social media in an attempt to be helpful. Propaganda -- true or false information spread to persuade an audience, but often has a political connotation and is often connect to information produced by governments. Sources: Lexicon of Lies , Information Disorder: The Essential Glossary Additional resources that focus on clarification of definitions and identification of misinformation: Beyond "Fake News" - 10 Types of Misleading News This link opens in a new window The term "fake news" is misleading because it oversimplifies the concept of misinformation. Information is more than either "real" or "fake" and each type of misinformation has its own degree of truthfulness and potential for harm. Read about 10 types of misleading information. Information Disorder: An Essential Glossary This glossary features the most frequently used and commonly misunderstood words, acronyms, and phrases that relate to information disorder. Web Literacy for Student Fact-Checkers; ...and Other People Who Care About Facts This link opens in a new window Skills for students to own their own web presence, understand what they read and believe, and tools to do it today. The Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread Why should we care about having true beliefs? And why do demonstrably false beliefs persist and spread despite consequences for the people who hold them? Lie machines : how to save democracy from troll armies, deceitful robots, junk news operations, and political operatives Lie Machines is full of riveting behind-the-scenes stories from the world's biggest and most damagingly successful misinformation initiatives--including those used in Brexit and U.S. elections. Howard not only shows how these campaigns evolved from older propaganda operations but also exposes their new powers, gives us insight into their effectiveness, and explains how to shut them down. Doorway into Publicity and Propaganda Publicity: information with news value issued as a means of gaining public attention or support, an act or device designed to attract public interest, the dissemination of information or promotional material. Propaganda: the spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person, ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further one's cause or to damage an opposing cause. Familiarity bias is our tendency to overvalue things we already know. When faced with making choices, we often revert to previous behaviors, knowledge, or mindsets. Add in a little publicity and propaganda and our subconscious tends to choose the idea or theme we feel most comfortable with. Sensationalizing an event, action and/or news story, may also use publicity and propaganda in hopes to encourage people to make a biased judgement regarding what they've viewed or read. Smokey Bear and the pyropolitics of United States forest governance This link opens in a new window Smokey Bear can be viewed as "a governmental instrument that simultaneously targets the behavior of the U.S. public and the biophysical materiality of combustible forests." This article combines both concepts-publicity and propaganda: educating the public regarding forest fires while using posters to propagandize a common enemy. << Previous: MisInformation Guide Next: How do I Evaluate Information? >> Last Updated: Feb 20, 2026 4:27 PM URL: https://guides.lib.uci.edu/Misinfo Print Page Login to LibApps Report a problem Tags: disinformation fact checking misinfo misinformation × Log On Off-campus? Please use the Software VPN and choose the group UCIFull to access licensed content. For more information, please Click here Software VPN is not available for guests, so they may not have access to some content when connecting from off-campus. Close