インドネシア | 歴史、旗、地図、首都、言語、宗教、事実

Indonesia | History, Flag, Map, Capital, Language, Religion, & Facts | Britannica Ask the Chatbot Games & Quizzes History & Society Science & Tech Biographies Animals & Nature Geography & Travel Arts & Culture ProCon Money Videos Indonesia Introduction & Quick Facts Land Relief Islands of the Sunda Shelf Islands of the Sahul Shelf Celebes and the Moluccas Volcanoes Drainage Soils Climate Plant and animal life People Ethnic groups Western islands Eastern islands Chinese and other Indonesian peoples Languages Religions Settlement patterns Rural settlement Urban settlement Demographic trends Economy Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Resources and power Manufacturing Finance Trade Services Labour Transportation and telecommunications Roads and railways Water and air transport Telecommunications Government and society Constitutional framework Local government Justice Political process Security Health and welfare Housing Education Cultural life Cultural milieu The arts Literature Theatre and dance Music Visual arts Cultural institutions Sports and recreation Media and publishing History The archipelago: its prehistory and early historical records Indonesian “Hinduism” The arrival of Hindu religious conceptions Indonesian religious conceptions The Malay kingdom of Srivijaya-Palembang Buddhism in Palembang The maritime influence Central Java from c. 700 to c. 1000 Eastern Java and the archipelago from c. 1000 to c. 1300 Government and politics The empire of Kertanagara The Majapahit era Islamic influence in Indonesia Muslim kingdoms of northern Sumatra Muslims in Java Expansion of European influence Growth and impact of the Dutch East India Company The French and the British in Java, 1806–15 Dutch rule from 1815 to c. 1920 The Culture System Dutch territorial expansion The Ethical Policy Toward independence The rise of nationalism Japanese occupation The revolution Independent Indonesia to 1965 The years of constitutional democracy Introduction of Guided Democracy Sukarno’s policies Indonesia from the coup to the end of the New Order The coup Suharto’s New Order Economic development Political developments Changes in Indonesian society International relations Economic crisis, public unrest, and the fall of Suharto Indonesia after Suharto References & Edit History Facts & Stats Images, Videos & Interactives At a Glance Indonesia summary Quizzes The Country Quiz Which Country Is Larger By Area? Quiz Which Country Is Larger By Population? Quiz Which Country Is Larger? Quiz Guess the Country by Its Neighbors Quiz Related Questions How did Vietnam’s geography influence its historical development? How was Vietnam shaped by its relationships with neighboring countries? What is the legacy of French colonization in Vietnam? How did the Vietnam War affect the country, and what challenges did Vietnam face after reunification in 1976? What role does the Vietnamese Communist Party play in the country’s political system? print Print Please select which sections you would like to print: Table Of Contents CITE verified Cite While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Select Citation Style MLA APA Chicago Manual of Style Copy Citation Share Share Share to social media Facebook X URL https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia Feedback External Websites Feedback Corrections? Updates? Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Feedback Type Select a type (Required) Factual Correction Spelling/Grammar Correction Link Correction Additional Information Other Your Feedback Submit Feedback Thank you for your feedback Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. External Websites Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Indonesia Official Tourism Site of Indonesia Britannica Websites Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Indonesia - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11) Indonesia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) Indonesia (Upper map) Indonesia in its entirety; (lower map) the islands of Java, Bali, Lombok, and Sumbawa. (more) Indonesia Ask Anything Quick Summary Homework Help Also known as: Republic of Indonesia, Republik Indonesia Written by Thomas R. Leinbach Professor of Geography, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Coauthor of Development and Environment in Malaysia; Southeast Asian Transport: Issues in Development. Thomas R. Leinbach All Fact-checked by Britannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Britannica Editors Last updated Apr. 30, 2026 • History Britannica AI Ask Anything Quick Summary Table of Contents Table of Contents Quick Summary Ask Anything Top Questions Where is Indonesia located? What kind of country is Indonesia (island nation, archipelago)? What are the main islands or regions that make up Indonesia? Which cultures and languages are found in Indonesia? What are some important natural resources and industries in Indonesia? How has Indonesia’s history influenced its society and government today? Show more Show less News • Roblox to require facial scans for children under 16 in Indonesia due to new social media rules • Apr. 30, 2026, 8:40 AM ET (AP) ... (Show more) Indonesia urges social media platforms to disclose the number of accounts closed for users under 16 • Apr. 29, 2026, 9:58 AM ET (AP) Rescuers recover last victims from Indonesia train wreck that killed 15 and injured dozens • Apr. 28, 2026, 8:43 AM ET (AP) Camera shows Sumatra orangutan using a canopy bridge to cross a road in Indonesia • Apr. 27, 2026, 10:01 PM ET (AP) Trains collide near Indonesia's capital, killing at least 4 people • Apr. 27, 2026, 3:41 PM ET (AP) Show less Mounts Bromo and Semeru Mount Bromo (foreground) and Mount Semeru (background), two active volcanoes in eastern Java, Indonesia. (more) Indonesia , country located off the coast of mainland Southeast Asia in the Indian and Pacific oceans. The most populous country in Southeast Asia and the fourth most populous in the world, Indonesia is situated on an archipelago that lies across the Equator and spans a distance equivalent to one-eighth of Earth’s circumference. Its islands can be grouped into the Greater Sunda Islands of Sumatra (Sumatera), Java (Jawa), the southern extent of Borneo ( Kalimantan ), and Celebes (Sulawesi); the Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara) of Bali and a chain of islands that runs eastward through Timor ; the Moluccas (Maluku) between Celebes and the island of New Guinea ; and the western extent of New Guinea (generally known as Papua). The capital, Jakarta , is located near the northwestern coast of Java. Indonesia (more) Indonesia was formerly known as the Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East Indies). Although Indonesia did not become the country’s official name until the time of independence, the name was used as early as 1884 by a German geographer; it is thought to derive from the Greek indos , meaning “India,” and nesos , meaning “island.” After a period of occupation by the Japanese (1942–45) during World War II , Indonesia declared its independence from the Netherlands in 1945. Its struggle for independence, however, continued until 1949, when the Dutch officially recognized Indonesian sovereignty . It was not until the United Nations (UN) acknowledged the western segment of New Guinea as part of Indonesia in 1969 that the country took on its present form. The former Portuguese territory of East Timor (Timor-Leste) was incorporated into Indonesia in 1976. Following a UN-organized referendum in 1999, however, East Timor declared its independence and became fully sovereign in 2002. Quick Facts See article: flag of Indonesia Audio File: National anthem of Indonesia Head Of State And Government: President: Prabowo Subianto (Show more) Capital: Jakarta (Show more) Population: (2026 est.) 287,302,000 (Show more) Currency Exchange Rate: 1 USD equals 16840.030 Indonesian rupiah (Show more) Form Of Government: multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Regional Representative Council 1 [132]; House of Representatives [560]) (Show more) Official Language: Indonesian (Show more) Official Religion: monotheism (Show more) Official Name: Republik Indonesia (Republic of Indonesia) (Show more) Total Area (Sq Km): 1,892,410 (Show more) Total Area (Sq Mi): 730,663 (Show more) Monetary Unit: rupiah (Rp) (Show more) Population Rank: (2026) 4 (Show more) Population Projection 2030: 298,806,000 (Show more) Density: Persons Per Sq Mi: (2026) 393.2 (Show more) Density: Persons Per Sq Km: (2026) 151.8 (Show more) Urban-Rural Population: Urban: (2024) 59.2% Rural: (2024) 40.8% (Show more) Life Expectancy At Birth: Male: (2024) 71.6 years Female: (2024) 76.7 years (Show more) Literacy: Percentage Of Population Age 15 And Over Literate: Male: (2025) 98.2% Female: (2025) 96% (Show more) Gni (U.S.$ ’000,000): (2024) 1,393,237 (Show more) Gni Per Capita (U.S.$): (2024) 4,910 (Show more) Has limited legislative authority. See all related content Show More Mount Bromo Mount Bromo, an active volcano in eastern Java, Indonesia. (more) The Indonesian archipelago represents one of the most unusual areas in the world: it encompasses a major juncture of Earth’s tectonic plates, spans two faunal realms, and has for millennia served as a nexus of the peoples and cultures of Oceania and mainland Asia . These factors have created a highly diverse environment and society that sometimes seem united only by susceptibility to seismic and volcanic activity , close proximity to the sea, and a moist, tropical climate. Nevertheless, a centralized government and a common language have provided Indonesia with some sense of unity. Furthermore