マネジメント

Management (or managing) is the administration of organizations, whether businesses, nonprofit organizations, or government bodies through business administration, nonprofit management, or the political science sub-field of public administration respectively. It is the process of managing the resources of businesses, governments, and other organizations.Larger organizations generally have three hierarchical levels of managers, organized in a pyramid structure:Senior management roles include the board of directors and a chief executive officer (CEO) or a president of an organization. They set the organization's strategic goals and policies and make decisions about how the organization will operate. Senior managers are generally executive-level professionals who provide direction to middle management. Compare governance.Middle management roles include branch managers, regional managers, department managers, and section managers. They provide direction to front-line managers and communicate senior management's strategic goals and policies to them.Line management roles include supervisors and the frontline managers or team leaders who oversee the work of regular employees, or volunteers in some voluntary organizations, and provide direction on their work. Line managers often perform the managerial functions that are traditionally considered the core of management. Despite the name, they are usually considered part of the workforce rather than the organization's management class.Management is taught — both as a theoretical subject and as a practical application — across different disciplines at colleges and universities. Prominent degree programs in management include Management, Business Administration, and Public Administration. Social scientists study management as an academic discipline, investigating areas such as social organization, organizational adaptation, and organizational leadership. In recent decades, there has been a movement for evidence-based management.