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Turkish language and alphabet Home Alphabets Constructed scripts Languages Phrases Numbers Multilingual Pages Search News About Contact Turkish (Türkçe) Turkish is an Oghuz Turkic language spoken by about 88 million people, mainly in Turkey, and also in Northern Cyprus, Germany, Bulgaria and other countries. There are about 82 million speakers of Turkish in Turkey, about 2 million in Germany, 606,000 in Bulgaria, 500,000 in the UK, 300,000 in Northern Cyprus, 165,000 in the USA, 130,000 in Uzbekistan, and smaller numbers in other countries. Turkish is an official language in Turkey, Northern Cyprus, and Cyprus. It is recognised as a minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Iraq, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Romania. Turkish at a glance Native name : Türkçe [ˈtyɾct͡ʃɛ] Language family : Turkic, Common Turkic, Oghuz, Western Oghuz Number of speakers : c. 88 million Spoken in : Turkey, Northern Cyprus, Germany, Bulgaria, UK, Northern Cyprus, USA, Uzbekistan and other countries First written : 11th century Writing system : Ottoman Turkish script, Armenian script , Latin script Status : official language in Turkey, Northern Cyprus, and Cyprus. Recognised minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Iraq, Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Romania Turkish is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family. It is closely related to Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, and Balkan Gagauz Turkish, and there is considerable mutual intelligibility between these languages. The ancestor of modern Turkish, Oghuz, was bought to Anatolia from Central Asia during the 11th century AD by Seljuq Turks. This developed into Ottoman Turkish, and contained many loanwords from Arabic and Persian. Until 1928 Turkish was written with a version of the Perso-Arabic script known as the Ottoman Turkish script . There was also a way to write Ottoman Turkish with the Armenian alphabet, known as Armeno-Turkish , that was used by ethnic Armenians and the non-Armenian Ottoman Turkish elite until 1928. In 1928, as part of his efforts to modernise Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk issued a decree replacing the Arabic script with a version of the Latin alphabet, which has been used ever since. Arabic and Persian loanwords were replaced with Turkish equivalents, based on the vocabulary used by ordinary people rather than the elite. Nowadays, only scholars and those who learnt to read before 1928 can read Turkish written in the Ottoman Turkish script. Turkish alphabet (türk alfabesi) Download an alphabet chart for Turkish (Excel) Hear a recording of the Turkish alphabet by Muxan Eren Aslan Hear how to pronounce the Turkish alphabet: Notes â , î and û are used to distinguish words that would otherwise have the same spelling; to indiciate palatalization of a preceding consonant, e.g. kar /kar/ (snow), kâr /kʲar/ (profit); and also to indicate long vowels in loanwords, especially those from Arabic e is [ɛ~æ] when it appears m, n, l or r, e.g. gelmek [ɡæɫˈmec] (to come, arrive) g = [ɟ] and k = [c] when next to e, i, ö or ü ğ is usually silent and indicates a syllable break, e.g. değil [ˈde.il] (not). In final syllables after e and i, ğ = [j], e.g. eğri [ej.ˈɾi] (curve). Elsewhere ğ lengthens a vowel, e.g. bağ [ˈbaː] (bond). In some dialects it is pronounced [ɰ] l = [ɫ] when next to a, ı, o or u h = [ħ] before consonants and at the end of words The letters Q (qu), X (iks) and W (we) are not included in the official Turkish alphabet, but are used in foreign names and loanwords Sample text in Turkish Bütün insanlar hür, haysiyet ve haklar bakımından eşit doğarlar. Akıl ve vicdana sahiptirler ve birbirlerine karşı kardeşlik zihniyeti ile hareket etmelidirler. Hear a recording of this text Translation All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) (لسان عثمانى) Ottoman Turkish script Hear a recording of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet by Muxan Eren Aslan Note The Latin transliteration here is used in the İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Encyclopedia of Islam), which has become a de facto standard in Oriental studies for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts. Other transliteration systems are available. Numerals Download alphabet charts for Turkish (Excel) Sample text Transliteration Bütün insanlar hür, haysiyet ve haklar bakımından eşit doğarlar. Akıl ve vicdana sahiptirler ve birbirlerine karşı kardeşlik zihniyeti ile hareket etmelidirler. With corrections by Ibrahim Musri Translation All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Sample videos in Turkish Information about Turkish | Phrases | Numbers | Family words | Time | Tongue twisters | Tower of Babel | Hurûf-ı munfasıla | Books about Turkish on: Amazon.com and Amazon.co.uk [affilate links] - TurkishClass101.com - Learn Turkish with Free Audio and Video Lessons - Learn Turkish online with Mondly - Learn Turkish with Glossika Links Information about Turkish http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/أبجدية_تركية_عثمانية http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/turkish/guide/ http://www.allaboutturkey.com/dil.htm Online Turkish lessons http://www.turkishclass.com http://polymath.org/turkish.php https://www.loecsen.com/en/learn-turkish http://www.teachyourselfturkish.com http://turkish.pgeorgalas.gr/indexEn.htm http://www.turkishbasics.com https://www.turkishaholic.com/ http://mylanguages.org/learn_turkish.php http://www.turkishclass101.com/ Turkish phrases https://www.ielanguages.com/turkish-phrases.html https://iwillteachyoualanguage.com/learn/turkish/turkish-tips/turkish-phrases/ https://heyexplorer.com/turkish-phrases-for-tourists/ https://wikitravel.org/en/Turkish_phrasebook Online Turkish dictionaries http://turkishdictionary.net/ http://www.kadifeli.com/cgi-bin/compdict.pl http://www.zargan.com http://www.dictionarist.com/turkish/ http://www.sozlukte.com http://pauctle.com/entr https://dictionary.reverso.net/turkish-english/ https://www.seslisozluk.net/ Online translation between Turkish and other languages http://turkceingilizce.ingilizceturkce.gen.tr/ Online input for Turkish and other Turkic languages http://www.isa-sari.com/ctlk/?id=en Online input for Ottoman Turkish http://www.isa-sari.com/osmanlica/?id=en Online Turkish language radio https://radyo.trt.net.tr http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/ http://www.radyoturkhareketi.net/ Online news in Turkish http://www.gazeteler.de http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/ Online e-books and audio books in Turkish http://ekitap.kulturturizm.gov.tr/ana-sayfa/1-294/20120531.html http://www.pandora.com.tr/yayinevi/sesli-kitaplar/2315 Türk Dil Kurumu (TDK) (Turkish Language Association) - the official language regulator of the Turkish language: http://tdk.gov.tr - TurkishClass101.com - Learn Turkish with Free Audio and Video Lessons - Learn Turkish with Glossika Turkic languages Altay , Äynu , Azerbaijani , Baraba Tatar , Bashkir , Chagatai , Chelkan , Chulym , Chuvash , Crimean Tatar , Dolgan , Fuyu Kyrgyz , Gagauz , Ili Turki , Karachay-Balkar , Karaim , Karakalpak , Karamanli Turkish , Kazakh , Khakas , Khalaj , Khorasani Turkic , Krymchak , Kumandy , Kumyk , Kyrgyz , Lop , Nogai , Old Turkic , Qashqai , Romani Tatar . Romanian Tatar , Salar , Shor , Siberian Tatar , Soyot , Tatar , Teleut , Tofa , Turkish , Turkmen , Tuvan , Urum , Uyghur , Uzbek , Western Yugur , Yakut (Sakha) Languages written with the Arabic script Adamaua Fulfulde , Aer , Afrikaans , Arabic (Algerian) , Arabic (Bedawi) , Arabic (Chadian) , Arabic (Egyptian) , Arabic (Gulf) , Arabic (Hassaniya) , Arabic (Hejazi) , Arabic (Lebanese) , Arabic (Libyan) , Arabic (Modern Standard) , Arabic (Moroccan) , Arabic (Najdi) , Arabic (Sudanese) , Arabic (Syrian) , Arabic (Tunisian) , Arwi , Äynu , Azeri , Balanta-Ganja , Balti , Baluchi , Beja , Belarusian , Bosnian , Brahui , Chagatai , Chechen , Chittagonian , Comorian , Crimean Tatar , Dameli , Dargwa , Dari , Dhatki , Dogri , Domari , Gawar Bati , Gawri , Gilaki , Hausa , Hazaragi , Hindko , Humburi Senni , Indus Kohistani , Kabyle , Kalkoti , Karachay-Balkar , Karakalpak , Kashmiri , Kazakh , Khowar , Khorasani Turkic , Khwarezmian , Konkani , Kumzari , Kurdish , Kyrgyz , Lezgi , Lop , Luri , Maasina Fulfulde , Maba , Maguindanao , Malay , Malay (Terengganu) , Mandinka , Marwari , Mazandarani , Mogholi , Morisco , Mozarabic , Munji , Noakhailla , Nubi , Ormuri , Palula , Parkari Koli , Pashto , Persian/Farsi , Punjabi , Qashqai , Rajasthani , Rohingya , Salar , Saraiki , Sawi , Serer , Shabaki , Shina , Shughni , Sindhi , Somali , Soninke , Tatar , Tausūg , Tawallammat Tamajaq , Tayart Tamajeq , Ternate , Torwali , Turkish , Urdu , Ushoji , Uyghur , Uzbek , Wakhi , Wanetsi , Wolof , Xiao'erjing , Yidgha Languages written with the Latin alphabet Page last modified: 23.07.25 [ top ] You can support this site by Buying Me A Coffee , and if you like what you see on this page, you can use the buttons below to share it with people you know. 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